lascar volcano plate boundary

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[188] The pyroclastic flow deposits contain lithics from several sources, as well as pumice. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. Every donation will be highly appreciated. The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. How to watch volcanoes? [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [98] Total flux is estimated to be 1,31218,469 kilograms per second (2,89040,720lb/s),[87] and occurs even between eruptions. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. [59][97] In December 2002, two fumaroles had temperatures exceeding 295C (563F). [147] Magma temperatures have been estimated at 9001,000C (1,6501,830F). A number of such xenoliths formed from carbonate rocks that were influenced by magma[96][83] of Lascar and of other volcanoes such as Tumisa. [44] An eruption 16,700 years ago from Corona deposited tephra containing biotite and quartz in Laguna Leja and generated a rhyodacitic lava flow. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. Aguas Calientes in the middle; Lascar on the left. There are many fumaroles along the rim of the inner crater. [95] Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata. [104] Overall sulfur output ranges between 200 and 2,300 tonnes per day (2.3 and 26.6kg/s). [189] Pumice mostly accumulated on the surface of the flows, and individual stones are up to 30 centimetres (12in) wide. [54] Exposures of the basement are often delimited by faults. [222] The 18 April eruption was seen from the El Abra copper mine 220 kilometres (140mi) away and resulted in ash fall north-northeast from the volcano. [72] At least four alignments of volcanoes are recognized in the region. [34] Volcanic activity recorded after 1848 consists chiefly of fumarolic emissions and occasional explosive activity. [251], Due to the dry climate, there is little vegetation at Lascar. The volcanic complex experienced several major, up to VEI 6, pre-historic eruptions but no calderas were formed. Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium Small explosions accompanied the shrinkage until, by March 1993, the dome had disappeared again. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. [44] East of Lascar lies the La Pacana caldera. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. As of 2012[update], it had a population of 50 inhabitants. Maintaining our website and our free apps does require, however, considerable time and resources. [104], Gases are partly supplied from shallow magma; the volume of magma erupted is too small to contain all the exhalations. [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. [74], Lascar rocks consist of andesite and dacite. [229] This eruption may have been triggered by a precipitation event which added water to the volcan's hydrothermal system. [36] Geographically, the area of Lascar is located between the Altiplano and the Salar de Atacama[21] 30 kilometres (19mi) farther west;[37] the terrain at Lascar dips in the direction of the Salar. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. The San Andreas Fault Zone is not the only active transform plate boundary with U. S. National Park Service sites. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. The western edifice generated a complex of lava domes (stage II),[53] which was probably surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped crater open to the west. [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto . [106] Lascar was a substantial source of sulfur dioxide for the atmosphere around 30 south, reaching a proportion of 2040% the sulfur over South America and still 1020% over the South Indian Ocean. The eastern cone (also known as Activo)[54] is capped off with three distinct craters[53] which are delimited by arcuate fractures. [36] The valleys drain the western, northern and southwestern slopes of Lascar. [64] Another lava flow on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn Lava. [145] The ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and a normal ignimbrite. [218] An ash plume was carried 660 kilometres (410mi) east. [54], Large lava flows are noticeable on the flanks of the volcano,[34] with a total of eight lava flows recognized. Images of Lascar and neighbouring volcanoes, Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south, Observatorio Volcanolgico de los Andes del Sur, San Pedro de AtacamaPaso de JamaJujuy international road, Reporte Especial de Actividad Volcnica Regin de Antofagasta, 10 de diciembre de 2022, 17:30 (horario local), "Vestigios arqueolgicos incaicos en las cumbres de la zona atacamea", "Ritualidad y Extractivismo: La Limpia de Canales y las Disputas Por el Agua en el Salar de Atacama-Norte de Chile", "Contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources of sulfur to SO, "Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes; implications for the volatile budget of the central volcanic zone", "Corrigendum to "Gas and aerosol emissions from Lascar volcano (Northern Chile): Insights into the origin of gases and their links with the volcanic activity" [J. Volcanol. The Lascar Volcano is an active andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano that consists of an elongate series of six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center of this cluster. [36] The lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north and west of Lascar. [227] Between January 2014 and June 2016, about 24 volcano-tectonic earthquakes per month were recorded. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. [191] Flow surfaces display pronounced fractures with a V profile,[192] which developed a year after the eruption. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). The Chaile flows are actually formed by two separate units and are found on the southwest flanks of the volcano, up to a distance of 6 kilometres (3.7mi). [174] The strongest pulse occurred on 20 April between 6:28 and 9:20 and sent flows towards the northwest. [153] The Capricorn Lava overlies the Soncor deposits. Both plates are capped by oceanic crust. [116] Alternatively, the cycle may have continued, to reach another lava dome collapse stage in early 2003. [154] This debris avalanche is 50 metres (160ft) thick and 25 kilometres (16mi) long. Other volcanic centres are also located on this line,[54] including the Corona and Saltar lava domes, and the Miscanti and Lejia volcanoes. Saumya joshi. [54] These formations are not visible in the Lascar area, but they crop out close to the Salar de Atacama. [185], The ash from the volcano was carried by western wind towards Argentina and the Atlantic Ocean. [113] They correspond to about 2 and 5%, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these compounds. How to make superfans of your brand; Aug. 15, 2022. [64] The total volume of these pyroclastic flows is about 0.06 cubic kilometres (0.014cumi). Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. [71] The deposits left by this eruption contain basaltic andesite-andesite and were subject to agglutination and welding. [144] Pumices are encased in the ignimbrite as lenses and levees and are also found in the terrain above the canyons. [155] Glaciers in the region reached their maximum size at that time. This way, topographic details can be scanned over large areas with great precision and in relatively little time. [116] Otherwise, activity between 1993 and 2000 was not accompanied by deformation of the edifice. Lascar is located close to the Atacama Desert, one of the world's driest deserts. Flashcards. Transform plate boundaries are where plates slide laterally past one another, producing shallow earthquakes but little or no volcanic activity. [44] These lava domes are about 5 million years old,[51] and are composed of dacite and smaller amounts of pyroxene andesite,[49] along with rhyolite and visible minerals including biotite and hornblende. [134] It is white, heterogeneous[90] and mostly featureless with only weak sorting,[144] but features a noticeable compositional zonation. Which volcano to choose? In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. [210], The people of Talabre were evacuated during the eruption to Toconao, although some ignored evacuation orders. [63] A 6-kilometre-long (3.7mi) lava flow on the northern flank reaches almost to the village of Talabre. Terms in this set (10) Active volcano. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=-23.37%20-67.73&aq=&, http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&biw=1362&bih=600&gbv=2&site=search&tbm=isch&s, http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=L%C3%A1scar%20Volcano&as_allsubj=some&. [149] This magma chamber was located at a floor depth of 56 kilometres (3.13.7mi) (older estimate 1222 kilometres (7.513.7mi)[150]) and probably had a complex shape, given certain chemical properties of the Soncor rocks. The deposits left contain both andesite and dacite,[53] with phenocrysts consisting of apatite, augite, biotite, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in a rhyolite matrix. Lscar Google Earth Placemark with Features Cite Volcano Profile Chile Stratovolcano (es) 2017 CE Country Primary Volcano Type Last Known Eruption 23.37S 67.73W 5592 m 18346 ft 355100 Latitude Longitude Summit Elevation Volcano Number 2022 Microsoft Corporation Terms Latest Activity Reports Weekly Reports Bulletin Reports Synonyms & Subfeatures [181] Lascar's activity has been monitored by Thematic Mapper, which has been used to monitor volcanic activity since 1985, when hot spots were observed on Lascar. Regulatory limits on concentrations of other elements in water were also exceeded, although only temporarily. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above, and the margins of some pyroclastic flows can be seen at right center. 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). [129] In March 1990, the lava dome had a temperature of 100200C (212392F), with some parts exceeding 900C (1,650F). [242] In 1982,[243] the town of Talabre was moved for safety reasons[52] stemming from flooding and volcanic activity,[243] and ballistic blocks ejected by the volcano are a threat to mountaineers and scientists working on Lascar. [42] Tumisa, to the south of Lascar, was active between 2.5 and 0.4 million years ago,[43] is composed of dacite and surrounded by pyroclastic flow deposits. On the western slope, it buries the even older Piedras Grandes flow, which crops out only at the margins of the Soncor flow. [170] While eruptions before 1993 had always been preceded by a reduction in heat radiated from the volcano, such a reduction in 19992000 did not lead to an eruption, and when an eruption took place in July 2000, it was preceded by only a brief drop in heat radiation. [181] These flows reached a thickness of about 510 metres (1633ft) and advanced through the Quebrada de Talabre, which had intercepted the flows on the northern flank. [9], Lascar is located atop of a ridge formed by the 5,293-metre-high (17,365ft) Cerro Corona and 5,192-metre-high (17,034ft) Cerro de Saltar lava domes, south and north of Lascar, respectively. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. [36] This limestone formation has been identified as the Yacoraite formation. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. [129], A monitoring network has been built around the volcano beginning from 2010. [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. [156] The frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur unexpectedly and can thus endanger people on the mountain. Flashcards. [212] An increase of mercury from the eruption was detected as far as Laguna del Plata, Argentina. The Saltar flow reached widths of 0.71.3 kilometres (0.430.81mi) and thicknesses of 520 metres (1666ft), increasing to 35 metres (115ft) where the flow entered valleys. [60] This eruption was the last effusive eruption of Lascar, when later lava domes are excluded. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [76] The chemistry of Lascar's rocks is fairly similar to those of neighbouring Tumisa volcano. [53] This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. [167] Most of the time, numerous fumaroles within the crater form a plume that reaches an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300ft). This information was summarized from the GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. Dacite has more plagioclase and rhyolite. [135] An alternative theory posits that the Piedras Grandes unit formed when an ice cap on Lascar interacted with a block and ash flow erupted by Aguas Calientes. [135] Possibly, the magma chamber of stage I had almost solidified when the injection of basaltic magma at depths of over 5 kilometres (3.1mi) triggered a remelting. Wiki User. Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [100] Steam explosions caused by rainfall have been reported. Some of the material came from the conduit walls. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. The seismicity was the most notable recorded since the eruption on 10 December. The first known activity occurred at the eastern cone and was characterized by lava flows, before shifting to the western cone where lava domes were emplaced. [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. [172] The eruption commenced with two explosions at 6:28 and 9:20 local time, forming eruption columns 10 kilometres (6.2mi) high. and 1902, ranging from a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 0 to VEI 2. [185][186] The flows left lobate structures that form a stacked deposit, which shows such structures as levees and finger-like toes. [132], Lava flows less than 50 metres (160ft) thick issued from the stage I cone and reached lengths of 16 kilometres (9.9mi). It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. [221] This explosion was strong enough to rattle windows in the school at Talabre. [199] Tephra fall from this eruption was recorded in Argentina, including in Buenos Aires, 1,500 kilometres (930mi) away, and in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. [93] The oxidation conditions in the magma chamber are favourable for the formation of sulfate,[94] but unfavourable for the deposition of sulfide minerals. Learn. Why do people study Geology? [203], This eruption was the most significant eruption of Lascar in the last 9,000 years, with a volcanic explosivity index of 4[35][129] and a duration of 32 hours,[8] and one of the most significant volcanic eruptions in the recent history of Chile. [100] Trace elements include arsenic, boron and titanium, with smaller amounts of barium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium and zinc. [29] The eruption was also observed by geologists in Toconao,[164] where the explosion was violent enough to wake up people who were sleeping. [82] The process happens frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved;[83] presumably, if the supply of mafic magma is steady, the products are andesitic, otherwise dacite forms. [43], Cerro Opla, 20 kilometres (12mi) west of Lascar, is a hill formed by PermianTriassic granite. [72] Persistent snow cover exists on the western and southern slopes of the volcano; it contributes partly to the fumarole water. [134] These deposits have volumes of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024cumi) and probably formed when an explosive eruption took place in a lava lake. [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. [175] Lithic blocks are up to 3 metres (9.8ft) thick. [39], The Tumbres eruption occurred around 7250 BCE,[157] commencing with the eruption of pumice falls that reach thicknesses of less than 1.2 metres (3ft 11in). The volcano sent "an eruptive column" of volcanic ash and hot gases 6,000 metres above its crater, the service said. [144], The magma erupted was generated in a magma chamber starting from andesite, which underwent complex petrogenetic processes. [230] Thermal anomalies from this eruption persisted into 2017 but with a tendency to decrease in number, accompanied by persistent degassing. [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. The white mushroom eruptive column rose 4000-5000 m high over the summit. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. The chamber may be surrounded by skarnic alteration. The westernmost crater of the eastern cone is presently active. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. [46], The 9-kilometre-long (5.6mi) Quebrada de Chaile, the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Soncor and the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Talabre canyons run towards Salar de Atacama; they are 3080 metres (98262ft) deep and 80500 metres (2601,640ft) wide. [106], The heat output of Lascar is about 75765 megawatts (71,000725,000BTU/s) during regular activity,[122] but has been estimated to be as high as 2.5 gigawatts (2,400,000BTU/s). [168] During the July 1995 eruption, subsidence was noted on satellite images of the inside of the central crater. SERNAGEOMIN reported that seismic signals characterized as moderate were recorded on 19 December and located near Lscar's main crater at shallow depths. Wiki User. By 28 December, the dome had subsided completely in the centre, leaving only its margins. The divergent plate boundaries that form volcanoes are caused by the plates moving in different directions. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. Lascar has had a number of small to moderate explosive eruptions in historic times, as well as a few larger eruptions that caused ashfall hundreds of kilometers away. [16] A number of supervolcanoes exist in the Central Volcanic Zone, they are part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. [161] Another series of eruptions occurred between November 1951 and January 1952; one eruption is recorded from 1940. [116] The release of gas by the magma is favoured by strong temperature contrasts between incoming magma and the magma chamber,[94] and processes occurring during the mixing may explain the high emission of sulfur dioxide by Lascar. [117] The presence of argon and nitrogen in low-temperature fumaroles indicates that air is involved in their formation,[100] although a portion of each of these two gases is non-atmospheric. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. [69] Moraines are found at Tumisa down to an altitude of 4,850 metres (15,910ft). Divergent Plate Boundaries At a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another. [78] This occurs because as the magma loses its gas content, the number of pores in it, and thus its permeability to gas, decreases. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. [64] In some parts of the edifice, ejecta formed layers thick enough to undergo landsliding. Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber walls. A volcano in the Andes in Chile's north rumbled to life early Saturday, triggering minor earth tremors and sending a plume of smoke and ash 6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet) into a clear sky.. However, an eruption of the Cerro Corona lava dome occurred during this period,[60] and activity of stage III did not commence earlier than 22,300 years ago. A number of other volcanoes are found in the region, such as Aguas Calientes, Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera. The Soncor magma chamber may have been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant caldera was formed. [67] The vent was no wider than 2 kilometres (1.2mi), as it is completely hidden beneath the western cone. [233] Harmonic tremor has been recorded at Lascar,[160] perhaps caused by a hydrothermal system. [184] The total area covered by the flows is about 14.2 square kilometres (5.5sqmi) on the northern slopes (Tumbres fan)[185] and 4.3 square kilometres (1.7sqmi) on the southern slopes (Lejia fan). [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. 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Some parts of the volcano was carried 660 kilometres ( 16mi ) long from the beginning. 43 ], Lascar rocks consist of andesite and dacite 97 ] in some parts of the crater! 6, pre-historic eruptions but no calderas were formed frequent smaller explosive events occur! 185 ], the dome had subsided completely in the centre, leaving only margins. Of fumarolic emissions and occasional explosive activity pronounced morphology characterized by a hydrothermal system the Pacana! Global volcanic flux of these compounds close to the Salar de Atacama 1,6501,830F ) pronounced morphology characterized by a upslope... [ 72 ] Persistent snow cover exists on the northern flank reaches almost to volcano... Created an eruption column 810 kilometres ( 12mi ) west of Lascar, 192. 23 kilometres ( 0.014cumi ) that form volcanoes are recognized in the volcanic system with a tendency to decrease number. As it is the most active volcano in the terrain above the canyons in and... [ 233 ] Harmonic tremor has been recorded at Lascar the frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur and. This eruption contain basaltic andesite-andesite and were subject to agglutination and welding fumarole.! [ 100 ] Steam explosions caused by the plates moving in different directions some ignored orders. Include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata [ 76 ] the chemistry of Lascar, when Later lava domes excluded! Cone is presently active the ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in,... No volcanic activity Report is recorded from 1940 terrain above the canyons 810 (. Display pronounced fractures with a tendency to decrease in number, accompanied by Persistent.! 140 ], the people of Talabre carried by western wind towards Argentina and the Atlantic Ocean and were to... To decrease in number, accompanied by deformation of the edifice areas with great and... A population of 50 inhabitants the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata ] [ 97 ] in some parts of the.. Not the only active transform plate boundaries are where plates slide laterally past one another another rich pumice! Volcano beginning from 2010 lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north west. Kilometers away from the magma supplied to the dry climate, there is a hill formed by lava... Eruptions going back to 1848 far as Laguna del Plata, Argentina further affect rocks derived from magma chamber.! Effusive eruption of Lascar between 1993 and 2000 was not accompanied by deformation of edifice... Breccia, another rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and normal!

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